Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is a viral disease affecting bovines caused by the Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV), a member of the Capripoxvirus genus. Initially endemic to Africa, LSD has expanded to the Middle East, Asia, and parts of Europe, primarily due to the spread of blood-feeding insect vectors, such as mosquitoes, flies, and ticks. The disease is characterized by fever, nodular skin lesions, and swollen lymph nodes, often resulting in reduced milk production, weight loss, and trade restrictions. Mortality rates are generally low, yet LSD causes significant economic losses due to decreased productivity and export limitations. The epidemiology of LSD is closely linked to environmental factors that support vector populations, with outbreaks peaking in warm, humid areas. Although all cattle breeds are susceptible, exotic high-yielding breeds often suffer more severe impacts than native cattle. Diagnosing LSD involves clinical examination and laboratory tests, primarily polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serological assays, which help differentiate LSD from other similar diseases. Accurate and early diagnosis is crucial to controlling outbreaks. Prevention relies heavily on vaccination with live attenuated vaccines derived from Capripoxvirus, which offer effective immunity in endemic regions. Control measures include movement restrictions, quarantine, and vector control, such as insecticides and repellents, particularly in disease-free areas, to contain LSD spread. Ongoing surveillance and international collaboration are essential to manage LSD effectively, as the disease poses a substantial threat to global cattle industries.
Transboundary disease, Vector-borne transmission, Vaccination, Livestock biosecurity, Global livestock trade
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